Ruhollah M. Khomeini, Imam of the Shiites who led the revolt against the Iranian Shah Reza Pahlevi, was born in 1902. He studied in the holy city of Qom and witnessed the desecration of the mosque of Fatima by the founder of that dynasty Pahlavi, Reza Khan, in 1927. He opposed the Westernization always with great force and the subsequent “modernization” of Iran, which caused serious social problems.
It all began in 1935 when the Shah Reza Shah accused pro-German, and after the country involved in World War II, abdicated in favor of his son Mohammad Reza, retreating in the face of two Anglo-Russian occupation. Ended its occupation, Iran had initially taken a constitutional and democratic freedoms, but quickly suppressed by Mohammad Reza.But a sort of national consensus was formed on the problem of economic independence, which culminated in the nationalization of oil and the conflict with Great Britain (1950-51). The victory by Prime Minister Mussadeq MH (1951/53) with the ouster of the British opened new possibilities.
A serious political crisis generated by the contrast between the Shah and Prime Minister ended in spring 1953 with the fall of Mussadeq: Mohammad Reza Shah began like to take a more active role in the administration of the state due to the considerable financial support of United states, so that Iran was afforded the opportunity to overcome the serious financial difficulties, then placed even more thanks to oil revenues. Overall, therefore, one may say that at that time Iran had no doubt a decidedly pro-Western orientation. In other respects, however, changes in Iranian society were totally unsatisfactory. For example, social inequality tended to increase, excluding profits from not only the working classes and the working class, but also the middle class, professionals and merchants, already deprived of access to any form of power.
To all of this corresponded to a very harsh crackdown on political and cultural life of the country by the Shah.Since 1977, there was a growing movement of opposition to the regime, whose direction was quickly conquered by religious Shiite Ayatollah Khomeini, as a result of his opposition activities had been previously arrested and deported.Found refuge in France, from there continued to make speeches which then was sent to his country, in support of those who, from the inside, fought against the despotic regime of Pahlavi. In autumn 1978, despite bloody repression, the Shah was seen forced to leave Iran as the army disintegrated. In 1979 the Shah was finally overthrown and Khomeini was able to establish an Islamic Republic.
His return was greeted by bursts of enthusiasm among the Shiites. The ayatollah appointed an interim government and assumed the effective management of the country. On 1 April, following a referendum, was proclaimed the Islamic Republic of Iran and in December another referendum approved a new constitution that provided for a religious leader of the country (this charge was attributed to Khomeini’s life). Meanwhile, in September 1980 Iraq began hostilities against Iran, reopening old territorial issues. The offensive was stopped and gave rise to a bloody conflict that ended only in 1998.
Within the country, meanwhile, the 1980 election saw the victory of the Islamic Republican Party (PRI). The legislative elections of 1984 enacted the character of one-party state now in fact taken by Iran, but in 1987 the PRI was also dissolved by Ayatollah Khomeini, who declared sold out its tasks. Since 1988, therefore, the elections saw the participation of candidates no longer tied to the constraints of party, even if belonging to different groups and currents within the Islamic regime.
The presidential elections in August 1985 confirmed head of state Ali Khamenei (elected for the first time in 1981) and in 1989 they went on to Khomeini, who died in June, as a religious leader of the country, and, to the presidency, was elected to . Rafsanjani. A constitutional reform approved by referendum in the same year, abolished the office of prime minister and strengthened presidential powers. Peace talks between Iran and Iraq, started after the ceasefire of August 1989, were effectively blocked until ‘ August 1990, when the international crisis that began with the occupation of Kuwait by the Iraqi army led Baghdad to recognize the sovereignty of some Iranian territories. This allowed the reopening of diplomatic relations between the two countries in September 1990.Since 1997 the office of President of the Republic is covered by Mohammad Khatami.
A serious political crisis generated by the contrast between the Shah and Prime Minister ended in spring 1953 with the fall of Mussadeq: Mohammad Reza Shah began like to take a more active role in the administration of the state due to the considerable financial support of United states, so that Iran was afforded the opportunity to overcome the serious financial difficulties, then placed even more thanks to oil revenues. Overall, therefore, one may say that at that time Iran had no doubt a decidedly pro-Western orientation. In other respects, however, changes in Iranian society were totally unsatisfactory. For example, social inequality tended to increase, excluding profits from not only the working classes and the working class, but also the middle class, professionals and merchants, already deprived of access to any form of power.
To all of this corresponded to a very harsh crackdown on political and cultural life of the country by the Shah.Since 1977, there was a growing movement of opposition to the regime, whose direction was quickly conquered by religious Shiite Ayatollah Khomeini, as a result of his opposition activities had been previously arrested and deported.Found refuge in France, from there continued to make speeches which then was sent to his country, in support of those who, from the inside, fought against the despotic regime of Pahlavi. In autumn 1978, despite bloody repression, the Shah was seen forced to leave Iran as the army disintegrated. In 1979 the Shah was finally overthrown and Khomeini was able to establish an Islamic Republic.
His return was greeted by bursts of enthusiasm among the Shiites. The ayatollah appointed an interim government and assumed the effective management of the country. On 1 April, following a referendum, was proclaimed the Islamic Republic of Iran and in December another referendum approved a new constitution that provided for a religious leader of the country (this charge was attributed to Khomeini’s life). Meanwhile, in September 1980 Iraq began hostilities against Iran, reopening old territorial issues. The offensive was stopped and gave rise to a bloody conflict that ended only in 1998.
Within the country, meanwhile, the 1980 election saw the victory of the Islamic Republican Party (PRI). The legislative elections of 1984 enacted the character of one-party state now in fact taken by Iran, but in 1987 the PRI was also dissolved by Ayatollah Khomeini, who declared sold out its tasks. Since 1988, therefore, the elections saw the participation of candidates no longer tied to the constraints of party, even if belonging to different groups and currents within the Islamic regime.
The presidential elections in August 1985 confirmed head of state Ali Khamenei (elected for the first time in 1981) and in 1989 they went on to Khomeini, who died in June, as a religious leader of the country, and, to the presidency, was elected to . Rafsanjani. A constitutional reform approved by referendum in the same year, abolished the office of prime minister and strengthened presidential powers. Peace talks between Iran and Iraq, started after the ceasefire of August 1989, were effectively blocked until ‘ August 1990, when the international crisis that began with the occupation of Kuwait by the Iraqi army led Baghdad to recognize the sovereignty of some Iranian territories. This allowed the reopening of diplomatic relations between the two countries in September 1990.Since 1997 the office of President of the Republic is covered by Mohammad Khatami.
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